![]() Furthermore, photographs of the same person at different ages allows to study within-individual progression of ageing, while older photographs open up possibilities to study how the relationship between chronological and perceived age shifts over time. Using perceived age as a biomarker for biological age gives ageing researchers a low-cost tool to widen their traditional focus from the oldest-old to studying how biological age already varies among young adults 10. Perceived age emerges as an excellent candidate biomarker for biological age that correlates with many cognitive and physical functions and has been shown to even predict mortality hazard for older people to a larger degree than chronological age 8– 12. It is usually determined by measuring an array of biomarkers of molecular and cellular events, which then are compared to a cohort average to determine biological age 5, but biomarkers of ageing are as complex as the biological phenomenon itself 6, 7. Biological ageing is therefore a change in functioning of these systems over time. Biological age describes the relative condition of, for example, the cardiovascular, metabolic, or immune system. Perceived age is an established biomarker of biological age. The perceived age data originate from a citizen science project, where people upload pictures, mostly of themselves, to the webpage at and estimate the ages of other users. how old someone looks to others) and chronological ages. Here we present a unique open-access database, rich with possibilities for studying ageing: the AgeGuess database on people’s perceived ages (i.e. Therefore, it is a pressing task to understand how the human ageing process has changed over the last 100 years and to predict how it will continue to change in future. Population ageing heralds a suite of challenges for the economy, social security, and health care of countries 3, 4. With rising life expectancies and associated declines in fertility rates, senior citizens steadily increase as a proportion of the population in most developed countries-a phenomenon known as population ageing 2. Underlying this remarkable extension is a change in how we age. Record life expectancy among the world’s countries has risen steadily by 3 months per year for the last 180 years 1. Beyond studying the ageing process, the data present a wealth of possibilities to study how humans guess ages and who is better at guessing ages. Almost 4500 citizen scientists from over 120 countries of origin have uploaded ~4700 facial photographs. The database currently contains around 220,000 perceived age guesses. Using perceived age enables us to collect large amounts of data on biological age through a citizen science project, where people upload facial pictures and guess the ages of other people at The data on perceived age we present here span birth cohorts from the years 1877 to 2012. Here we present a unique database rich with possibilities to study the human ageing process. Perceived age is such a biomarker that correlates with biological age. Biomarkers of ageing are used to quantify changes in the aging process and to determine biological age. Underlying this higher life expectancy is a change in how we age. ![]() In many developed countries, human life expectancy has doubled over the last 180 years. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver applies to the metadata files associated with this article. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. ![]() ![]() The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. ![]()
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